What Are Codes, Standards, and Specifications?
MetalsKingdom are exported all over the world and different industries with quality first. Our belief is to provide our customers with more and better high value-added products. Let's create a better future together.
On March 20, , a boiler explosion combined with a fire killed 58 people and injured 150 at the R. B. Grover shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts. Today, we do not hear much about boiler explosions, but in the late 19th century, they happened every other day in the United States.1 The Grover Shoe Factory disaster was the proverbial ‘straw that broke the camel’s back’ – as it rallied public opinion to the need of better industrial safety. The present ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) was written by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as a direct result from the Grover disaster.
According to ASME2, a “code is a standard that has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law. A standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines that function as instructions for designers/manufacturers and operators/users of equipment.” Those definitions help, but they still leave many people scratching their heads. An example can be used to clarify this system.
Suppose one wants to build a new refinery. For that among other things, pressure vessels, piping, and valves are required. In the United States, most States have laws that dictate that pressure vessels must be designed, built, and installed according to the ASME BPVC. For piping, a refinery needs another code; the one most used is the ASME B31.3 (Process Piping). These codes specify the minimum engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of pressure vessels and pressure piping. And what about valves?
One can think of codes as mandatory design guidelines, a set of instructions to be used when dealing with a ‘system’ such as pressure vessels or piping. ‘System’, in this instance, means that the final product is the sum of many parts. For example, both pressure vessels and piping require, among other things, flanges and gaskets. Codes do not detail everything that goes into the final ‘system’; any industrial product that is required for a system is referred to in a related standard. So, a standard is a document referred in a code that contains instructions on design, fabrication quality control, and testing of a particular item. By using standards, the code gets simplified and ensures that all items used in the ‘system’ are ‘standard’ (uniform in design and fabrication), preventing incompatibility issues and limiting the number of variations for a single item.
Looking again at the refinery example, future piping will follow the ASME B31.3. This code references several valve standards that can be used. For ball valves, for example, one can select API 608 (Metal Ball Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End) or API 6D (Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves). For gate valves there is API 600 (Steel Gate Valves—Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets), for butterfly there is API 609 (Butterfly Valves: Double-flanged, Lug- and Wafer-type), and so on.
When people talk about specifications, they can be referring to one of two things. One is a datasheet, that is, the technical requirements of an equipment. For example, annex ‘O’ of the edition of the API 6D is named ‘Purchasing Guidelines’. On this annex there is a proposed table for a valve datasheet and API 6D states that this table “can be used to assist with the specification of valves for ordering”.
The second possibility of the term ‘specification’ is related to materials. Equipment covered by ASME codes rely on a limited choice of materials. As a rule, pressure vessels, piping, and valves must be made using materials that have mechanical and chemical properties listed on the related ASME code.
Basically, every material listed on an ASME code has an ASTM specification such as ASTM A216/A216M-21 (Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service) or ASTM A182/A182M-21 (Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service). These specifications contain requirements for chemical and mechanical properties, heat treatment, manufacture, heat and product analyses, and methods of testing. Figure 1 provides examples of codes, standards, and materials specifications for an American refinery.
It is also worth mentioning that standards and materials specifications might be amended by the end user. For example, more stringent rules might be forced by contract upon the supplier via supplementary requirements. The S-562 (Supplementary Requirements to API Specification 6D Ball Valves) is a publication from the IOGP with a set of supplementary requirements for the specification for procurement of trunnion mounted ball valves (only) to API Specification 6D Twenty-Fourth Edition, . Ball valves complying with the S-562 have, among other things, more specific design rules and more extensive testing.
Basic Standards Related to Industrial Valves
The takeaway from the previous session is that one can only discuss valves after they have agreed upon which code/standard they must comply with. If talking about a refinery, ASME B31.3 is an option. If talking about valves for the water distribution in a city, then many of the valves listed on ASME B31.3 are of little use. Most likely, the city rely on valves complying with the standards issued by the AWWA (American Water Works Association). Different industries, different codes, different valves. However, that does not mean that we cannot find valves from AWWA listed on ASME codes.
Continuing with the refinery example, the edition of the ASME B31.3 lists the following standards related to valves. It is worth noting that there are valve standards from four regulatory bodies: ASME, API, AWWA, and MSS.
ASME B16.10: Face-to-Face and End-To-End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.34: Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
API 6D: Pipeline Valves
API 526: Flanged Steel Pressure-Relief Valves
API 594: Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding
API 599: Metal Plug Valves—Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
API 600: Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API 602: Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API 603: Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves — Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
API 608: Metal Ball Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
API 609: Butterfly Valves: Double-flanged, Lug- and Wafer-type
AWWA C500: Metal-Seated Gate Valves for Water Supply Service
AWWA C504: Rubber-Seated Butterfly Valves
MSS SP-6: Standard Finishes for Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges and Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
MSS SP-25: Standard Marking Systems for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, and Unions
MSS SP-42: Class 150 (PN 20) Corrosion Resistant Gate, Globe, Angle and Check Valves with Flanged and Butt Weld Ends
MSS SP-70: Gray Iron Gate Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-71: Gray Iron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-72: Ball Valves with Flanged or Butt-welding Ends for General Service
MSS SP-78: Gray Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-80: Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle and Check Valves
MSS SP-81: Stainless Steel, Bonnet-less, Flanged, Knife Gate Valves
MSS SP-85: Gray Iron Globe and Angle Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-88: Diaphragm Type Valves
MSS SP-105: Instrument Valves for Code Applications
The list of valve standards on the ASME B31.3 is not exhaustive; If one studies the list above, it is apparent that some very common valve standards are missing. For example, the BS (Specification for Steel Globe Valves). BS globe valves are routinely used in refineries, but how is that possible if the standard is not listed on the ASME B31.3? The answer lies in dual certification. For the purposes of wall thickness, materials, and pressure-temperature rating, manufacturers use the ASME B16.34 as guidance, while also complying with the BS . That way, a BS valve is also in accordance with the ASME B31.3.
The standards listed above do not cover all aspects of valve performance required for a refinery application. A typical standard, API 6D for example, has in its table of contents the following sections:
If you want to learn more, please visit our website gate valve tester.
1. Scope
2. Normative References.
3. Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, Symbols, and Units
4. Valve Types and Configurations
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Welding
8. Quality Control
9. Pressure Testing
10. Coating/Painting
11. Marking
12. Preparation for Shipment
13. Documentation
14. Facility Requirements
15. Annexes
16. Bibliography
Missing from the list are some very important issues. For example, different standards for Fire Testing, Fugitive Emissions Testing, Cryogenic Testing, and Qualification / Prototype Cycle Testing are often required (See Table 1). These last standards are normally listed in the normative references of the main valve standard that is being used.
Conclusion
Industrial equipment is required by law, contracts, or good practices to rely on codes, standards, and specifications. These documents may vary in different countries – they may even vary within a country – and different industries. Before writing a valve specification or answering a ‘Request for Quotation’, make sure to understand which codes and standards are referred to.
Under normal circumstances, industrial valves are not subject to strength tests when they are in use, but strength tests should be performed on valve bodies and bonnets after repairs or corrosion-damaged valve bodies and bonnets. For the safety valve, its constant pressure, reseating pressure and other tests shall comply with the specifications of its instructions and relevant regulations. Before the valve is installed, the valve strength test and valve sealing test should be carried out on the valve hydraulic test bench. 20% of the low-pressure valves are spot-checked, and 100% of them should be checked if they are unqualified; 100% of the medium and high-pressure valves should be checked. The commonly used media for pressure testing of valves are water, oil, air, steam, nitrogen, etc. The pressure testing methods of various industrial valves including pneumatic valves are as follows.
1. Pressure test method of globe control valve and throttle valve
For the strength test of globe control valve and throttle valve, usually put the assembled valve in the pressure test frame, open the valve disc, inject medium to the specified value, and check whether the valve body and valve cover are sweating and leaking. The strength test can also be carried out on a single piece. The tightness test is only for the globe control valve. During the test, the valve stem of the stop valve is in a vertical state, the valve disc is opened, and the medium is introduced from the lower end of the valve disc to the specified value, and the packing and gasket are checked; after passing the test, the valve disc is closed, and the other end is opened to check for leakage. If the strength and sealing test of the valve is to be done, the strength test can be done first, and then the pressure is reduced to the specified value of the sealing test, and the packing and gasket are checked; then the valve disc is closed, and the outlet port is opened to check whether the sealing surface is leaking.
2. Pressure test method of gate valve
The strength test of the gate valve is the same as that of the globe control valve. There are two methods for the sealing test of gate valves.
(1) Open the gate to raise the pressure in the valve to the specified value; then close the gate, take out the gate valve immediately, check whether there is leakage at the seals on both sides of the gate or directly inject the test medium into the plug on the valve cover to The specified value, check the seals on both sides of the gate. The above method is called intermediate pressure test. This method is not suitable for sealing tests on gate valves with nominal diameters below DN32mm.
(2) Another method is to open the gate to raise the test pressure of the valve to the specified value; then close the gate, open one end of the blind plate, and check whether the sealing surface is leaking. Then turn the head down and repeat the above test until it is qualified. The sealing test of the pneumatic gate valve packing and gasket should be carried out before the gate sealing test.
3. Pressure test method of ball valve
The strength test of the pneumatic ball valve should be carried out in the half-open state of the ball valve.
(1) Floating ball valve tightness test: put the valve in a half-open state, introduce the test medium at one end, and close the other end; rotate the ball several times, open the closed end to check when the valve is in the closed state, and check the seal at the packing and gasket at the same time performance, there must be no leakage. Then introduce the test medium from the other end and repeat the above test.
(2) Sealing test of fixed ball valve: before the test, rotate the ball several times without load, and the fixed ball valve is in the closed state, and introduce the test medium from one end to the specified value; check the sealing performance of the introduction end with a pressure gauge, and use the pressure gauge accuracy 0.5~1 level, the measuring range is 1.6 times of the test pressure. If there is no depressurization phenomenon within the specified time, it is qualified; then introduce the test medium from the other end, and repeat the above test. Then, the valve is in a half-open state, both ends are closed, and the inner cavity is filled with medium. Check the packing and gasket under the test pressure, and there must be no leakage.
(3) The three-way ball valve should be tested for tightness at each position.
4. Pressure test method of butterfly valve
The strength test of the pneumatic butterfly valve is the same as that of the globe control valve. The sealing performance test of the butterfly valve should introduce the test medium from the medium inflow end, the butterfly plate should be opened, the other end should be closed, and the injection pressure should reach the specified value; after checking that there is no leakage at the packing and other seals, close the butterfly plate, open the other end, and check the butterfly plate It is qualified if there is no leakage at the seal. Butterfly valves used to regulate flow may not be tested for sealing performance.
5. Pressure test method of check valve
Test status of the check valve: the disc axis of the lift check valve is in a position perpendicular to the horizontal; the channel axis and disc axis of the swing check valve are in a position approximately parallel to the horizontal line. During the strength test, the test medium is introduced from the inlet end to the specified value, and the other end is closed, and it is qualified to see that there is no leakage from the valve body and bonnet. In the tightness test, the test medium is introduced from the outlet end, and the sealing surface is checked at the inlet end. If there is no leakage at the packing and gasket, it is qualified.
For more information, please visit pipe beveling machinery.
Comments
0