Surge Counters | Monitoring The Health Of Surge Arresters

Surge Counters are used to monitor the health of Surge Arresters and protect against potentially damaging events which could lead to deterioration and ultimate overload. It is important to also schedule regular checks of surge arresters including visual inspection and diagnostics to detect and prevent a costly medium voltage power outage.

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Well-designed and tested, ABB surge arresters are maintenance-free and can reasonably be expected to have a long service life. However, the condition of these surge arresters should also be monitored to ensure the most ultimate protection against a costly unplanned power outage. This can be achieved using the ABB EXCOUNT range of surge counters and monitors.

Surge Counters

Surge registration

The primary reason for the use of surge counters on modern gapless ZnO arresters is to check if a particular transmission line or phase suffers from an exceptionally high number of overvoltages leading to arrester operation — lightning faults on a line, for example. If this is the case, whilst it validates the need for the arresters, use of some preventative counter measures may be warranted to limit the number of surges. A sudden increase in the counting rate may also indicate an internal arrester fault, in which case the arrester should be investigated further.

However, simple surge counters tell only part of the story, as they only register the number of surges according to their operating characteristic. The user therefore has no way of telling the magnitude of the surge and if it was significant, nor when it occurred and if it was coincident with a system event.

Leakage current measurement

Surge counters can be complimented with the substation facility to measure leakage currents (total and/ or resistive), with the intention of monitoring and diagnosing the condition of the arrester and its state of fitness for continued service. However it is important to understand the validity of the information provided.

At continuous operating voltage (Uc), a metaloxide varistor acts as a capacitor, leading to a predominantly capacitive component of current and a significantly smaller resistive part. For a complete surge arrester, the capacitive current is further dependent on stray capacitances, pollution currents on the insulator surface, number of varistor columns in parallel and the actual operating voltage. Meanwhile the small resistive component of the leakage current is temperature and voltage dependant.

Since the capacitive component of the current dominates so greatly, the total leakage current measured on a basic mA-meter will be very sensitive to the installation; making interpretation of the readings difficult. Furthermore, the capacitive current does not change significantly due to deterioration of the voltage-current characteristic of the surge arrester. Consequently, measurement of capacitive current cannot reliably indicate the condition of metal-oxide arresters. Nevertheless, increasing values may be of some use in indicating that cleaning of the insulators is necessary.

Instead, it is generally recognized (IEC -5) that the only reliable indicator for the condition of a gapless arrester that can be assessed during normal service is to measure the resistive component of the leakage current (or estimate it from the 3rd harmonic).

The obtained value may then be compared with the maximum allowable resistive current as given by the manufacturer under prevailing service conditions i.e. temperature and applied voltage.

If a metal-oxide varistor ages or is damaged by impulses etc, the arrester resistive leakage current, and hence power losses, increase permanently. This may result in an increase in temperature, which in turn, increases the leakage current and so on until a so-called thermal runway occurs. Early detection of a possible harmful increase may prevent a failure and subsequent unplanned shutdown. Hence, to provide true diagnostics, a good monitor must be able to detect the arrester leakage current and isolate and measure the resistive component flowing internally.

Diagnostic plan

A surge arrester does not contain any moving parts or items that can break.

Consequently there is nothing to maintain, adjust, correct or repair, which is why there is normally no need to perform any form of periodical checking or monitoring. In general, a correctly chosen and installed arrester is maintenance free during its entire lifetime. A correctly chosen arrester in this context means that its electrical and mechanical characteristics are matched to actual service conditions.

Nonetheless, since external factors can place stresses on the arrester, potentially leading to its deterioration and ultimate overload, it may be prudent to draw up a schedule for regular checks. Such consideration is all the more important if an unplanned outage is unacceptable for reasons of system stability or economics. The older the arrester, the more regular these checks may need to be, since the statistical risk for overload increases with age.

As a guide, the following strategy is proposed to be made at regular intervals as required and determined by site availability and importance:

• Visual inspection and possible cleaning
• Diagnostics in advance of the designated lighting season and thereafter following periods with bad weather conditions.
• Diagnostics after special fault conditions causing flashover in the network or TOV’s of high amplitude and/ or long duration.

Because of their nature, old-style gapped arresters should be removed as soon as possible as part of a scheduled replacement program. Their age and inherent design does not warrant detailed evaluation. Early models of gapless arresters may require additional visual checks to look for signs of mechanical or physical deterioration as well as monitoring of the internals. Newly purchased arresters can also benefit from diagnostic monitoring right from first installation since this permits easy trend analysis to detect potential deterioration later on in its service life.

EXCOUNT-C

EXCOUNT-I

EXCOUNT-II

EXCOUNT-III

Safety Comes First

Monitoring Surge Arresters

EXCOUNT draws upon over 80 years of experience by ABB in the development of arresters and associated accessories. Safety, functionality and longevity are key elements which are given priority in selection and design of components. The EXCOUNT range has not neglected short-circuit safety which lies inherent in the design concept.

The EXCOUNT family is characterized by:

Highest Personnel Safety

• Same electrical safety performance as ABB arresters

Negligible Residual Voltage

• Does not reduce protection margins
• Minimized risk for injury in case of accidental contact during surges

Maintenance Free

• Sealed components
• Requires no external power supply (except for EXCOUNT-III)

Long Life

• Moulded components, non-sensitive to humidity or temperature variations

Universal Application

• All makes and types of gapless surge arresters.
• All weather and temperature conditions.

Design

The use of an impulse current transformer with a single-turn primary ensures that the voltage drop across the counter is negligible, even at the highest impulse currents encountered in service. This leads to added personnel safety and no increase in the protection level of the arrester. Since no gaps or series impedance are used, there is no risk of internal arcing and consequent explosive failure in the event of a short-circuit following an arrester failure.

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One further common feature with the entire EXCOUNT family is that all internal components are fully encapsulated in polymer. This provides sealing to IP67, which ensures no harmful ingress of dust or moisture as well as providing personal safety through complete protection against contact with the internals.

EXCOUNT is available in different variants, depending on the user’s needs: simple, basic or extensive. Contact Thorne & Derrick for more information.

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Title

Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) for electric power systems,

Citation

Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) for electric power systems,

Meidensha Corporation developed MOSA and its mass production system by innovating on Panasonic Corporation’s ZnO varistor basic patent. MOSA dramatically raised performance levels against multiple lightning strikes and contamination, and led to UHV protective device development. This technology contributed to improving the safety and reliability of electric power systems and to establishing international standards.

Street address(es) and GPS coordinates of the Milestone Plaque Sites

, Meiden R&D Center Meidensha Corporation　 2-8-1, Osaki, Shinagawa-ku　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Tokyo, 141-, Japan　 Latitude: 35. Longitude: 139.

Details of the physical location of the plaque

We intend to install the milestone plaque at the secured zone in the entrance of Meiden R&D Center.

How the plaque site is protected/secured

The people are able to see the plaque in the secured zone by getting inside the entrance hall of Meiden R&D Center.

Historical significance of the work

Overvoltages in electrical supply networks result from the effects of lightning strokes and switching actions and cannot be avoided. They endanger the electrical equipment, because, due to the economical reasons, the voltage withstanding capability of the insulation cannot be designed for all possible cases. Therefore, an economical and reliable service calls for extensive protection of the electrical equipment against unacceptable overvoltages. This applies to all power network systems. The overvoltages from lightning strokes and switching action are most dangerous threat for power electric systems. The so called “conventional surge arresters” were mostly used in power electric systems until mid s in the world. They consist of a series connection of SiC resistor elements (non-linear resistors) and spark gaps and are placed in porcelain housing and are often called “conventional gapped type arresters”. Conventional gapped type arresters have a couple of disadvantages: They reduce overvoltages only when the breakdown voltage of the spark gaps is achieved. The breakdown voltage of the spark gaps depends on the steepness of the incoming voltage which results in a bad protection especially for steep overvoltage. If the outside insulation of the arrester is polluted, the potential distribution can shift along the active part, and this can cause unwanted sparkover in the spark gaps, which in the end may destroy the arrester. Design of insulation in the power transmission system depends largely on the protective characteristics of surge arresters. As the power grids were expanding with higher transmission voltage in s, the conventional gapped type arresters used before the introduction of the work could not satisfy the new requirements.　 The conventional gapped type arrester was sometimes failed by natural phenomena for example multi-lightning and arrester housing pollution (contamination). Electric power utility companies demanded the development of high performance surge arresters to be used for the next-generation UHV power transmission systems and also compact high-performance and high-reliability surge arresters to be used in the application for GIS (tank type arrester for gas insulated switchgear). Panasonic Corporation (Panasonic) had discovered ZnO varistor as a surge absorber for electronic devices below dozens of volts and defined its basic principle. Meidensha Corporation (MEIDEN) developed gapless surge arrester for power electric systems based on Panasonic’s patent. MOSA was the first gapless surge arrester that could meet the tough electric power systems application needs of world-wide power utilities. Consequently, conventional gapped type surge arresters were disappeared except some special applications. MOSA has contributed to improving the reliability against multi-lightning and housing pollution-derived problems. Furthermore it ignited the births of economical design for power network systems and power electric equipment. MOSA became the de facto standard and later turned to JEC [1], ANSI [2], IEC [3] standards. It realized the electric power systems which has the very minimum power failure in the world.

Features that set this work apart from similar achievements

Conventional surge arresters for electric power systems were composed of combination of non-linear resistor element using silicon carbide ( SiC ) crystals and series gaps. As a result, they had the following disadvantages; a) They couldn’t have high reliability against the housing pollution. This causes failure of arrester derived from two different components (gap part and SiC element) in same housing and couldn’t maintain stability for multiple lightning. b) They couldn’t satisfy the social ( user’s ) requirements for high-performance, high reliability and compactness of arresters both for GIS ( Gas Insulated Switchgear / Substation ), and for Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission systems. Overcoming obstacles cited above, MEIDEN developed gapless surge arrester to solve the above issues of conventional model: a) and b). MEIDEN commercialized MOSA in and the first supply was to 66kV Hayato Substation in Kyushu Area, Japan and completed the MOSA product series for 3kV to 500 kV electric power systems during -. MOSA became the preferred choice and de facto major arresters in the world in a few years.

Significant references

[1] JEC 217- (Japanese Electrotechnical Committee Standard in English)　 [2] IEEE/ANSI C62.22- [3] IEC -4- [4] T. Nishikori, T. Masuyama, M. Matsuoka, S. Hieda, M. Kobayashi and M. Mizuno: “Zinc Oxide-based Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Paper for National Convention The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), No. 777, [5] M. Kobayashi, M. Mizuno, M. Matsuoka and M. Tanaka: “Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Paper for Research Conference , IEEJ, PD-74-12（） [6] M. Kobayashi, M. Mizuno, T. Aizawa, M. Hayashi and K.Mitani:　 “Development of Zinc-Oxide Non-Linear Resistors and Their Applications to Gapless Surge Arresters”, IEEE PAS, Summer Meeting, F77, 682-8 (), IEEE, Transactions, vol. Pas-97, No.4 () [7] M. Hayashi and M. Kobayashi : “Developing the First Gapless Metal Oxide(ZnO) Surge Arrester(MOSA) in the World “, IEEJ, Trans. PE, Vol. 128 No.3 () [8] K. Mitani: “Journal: Birth of Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Serial Articles of power industry newspaper “Denki Shimbun”, from Nov. 30, to Jan. 21, (6) [9] Misao Kobayashi and Masao Hayashi: ”The background and history of developing Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA)”, Papers of Research Conference, History of Electrical Engineering (HEE), IEEJ, HEE8-19 and HEE10-002 　[10] United States Patent 4,031,498 NON-LINEAR VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Supporting materials

[11] Picture of MOSA for 66KV system used in Japanese electric company in [12] Picture of MOSA for 500kV GIS used in Japanese electric company in [13] Picture of MOSA for 500kV system used in Canadian electric company in == Title ==

Citation

Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) for electric power systems, Meidensha Corporation developed MOSA and its mass production system by innovating on Panasonic Corporation’s ZnO varistor basic patent. MOSA drastically raised performance level against multiple lightning strikes and contamination and led to the UHV protective device development. This technology contributed to improving the safety and reliability of electric power systems and to establishing the international standards.

Street address(es) and GPS coordinates of the Milestone Plaque Sites

, Meiden R&D Center Meidensha Corporation　 2-8-1, Osaki, Shinagawa-ku　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Tokyo, 141-, Japan　 Latitude: 35. Longitude: 139.

Details of the physical location of the plaque

We intend to install the milestone plaque at the secured zone in the entrance of Meiden R&D Center.

How the plaque site is protected/secured

The people are able to see the plaque in the secured zone by getting inside the entrance hall of Meiden R&D Center.

Historical significance of the work

Design of insulation in the power transmission system depends largely on the protective characteristics of surge arresters. As the power grids were expanding with higher transmission voltage in s, the conventional arresters used in the age could not satisfy the new requirements.　 Conventional arrester with air gap was sometimes failed by natural phenomena for example multi-lightning and arrester housing pollution (contamination). Electric power utility companies demanded the development of high performance surge arresters to be used for the next-generation UHV power transmission systems and also compact high-performance and high-reliability surge arresters to be used in the application for GIS (tank type arrester for gas insulated switchgear). Panasonic Corporation (Panasonic) had discovered ZnO varistor as a surge absorber for electronic devices below dozens of volts and defined its basic principle. Meidensha Corporation (MEIDEN) developed gapless surge arrester for power electric systems based on Panasonic’s patent. MOSA was the first gapless surge arrester that could meet the tough electric power systems application needs of world-wide power utilities. Consequently, conventional gapped type surge arresters were disappeared except some special applications. MOSA has contributed to improving the reliability against multi-lightning and housing pollution-derived problems. Furthermore it ignited the births of economical design for power network systems and power electric equipment. MOSA became the de facto standard and later turned to JEC [1], ANSI [2], IEC [3] standards. It realized the electric power systems which has the very minimum power failure in the world.

Features that set this work apart from similar achievements

Conventional surge arresters for electric power systems were composed of combination of non-linear resistor element using silicon carbide ( SiC ) crystals and series gaps. As a result, they had the following disadvantages; a) They couldn’t have high reliability against the housing pollution. This causes failure of arrester derived from two different components (gap part and SiC element) in same housing and couldn’t maintain stability for multiple lightning. b) They couldn’t satisfy the social ( user’s ) requirements for high-performance, high reliability and compactness of arresters both for GIS ( Gas Insulated Switchgear / Substation ), and for Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission systems. Overcoming obstacles cited above, MEIDEN developed gapless surge arrester to solve the above issues of conventional model: a) and b). MEIDEN commercialized MOSA in and the first supply was to 66kV Hayato Substation in Kyushu Area, Japan and completed the MOSA product series for 3kV to 500 kV electric power systems during -. MOSA became the preferred choice and de facto major arresters in the world in a few years.

Significant references

[1] JEC 217- (Japanese Electrotechnical Committee Standard in English)　 [2] IEEE/ANSI C62.22- [3] IEC -4- [4] T. Nishikori, T. Masuyama, M. Matsuoka, S. Hieda, M. Kobayashi and M. Mizuno: “Zinc Oxide-based Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Paper for National Convention The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), No. 777, [5] M. Kobayashi, M. Mizuno, M. Matsuoka and M. Tanaka: “Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Paper for Research Conference , IEEJ, PD-74-12（） [6] M. Kobayashi, M. Mizuno, T. Aizawa, M. Hayashi and K.Mitani:　 “Development of Zinc-Oxide Non-Linear Resistors and Their Applications to Gapless Surge Arresters”, IEEE PAS, Summer Meeting, F77, 682-8 (), IEEE, Transactions, vol. Pas-97, No.4 () [7] M. Hayashi and M. Kobayashi : “Developing the First Gapless Metal Oxide(ZnO) Surge Arrester(MOSA) in the World “, IEEJ, Trans. PE, Vol. 128 No.3 () [8] K. Mitani: “Journal: Birth of Gapless Surge Arrester for Electric Power Systems”, Serial Articles of power industry newspaper “Denki Shimbun”, from Nov. 30, to Jan. 21, (6) [9] Misao Kobayashi and Masao Hayashi: ”The background and history of developing Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA)”, Papers of Research Conference, History of Electrical Engineering (HEE), IEEJ, HEE8-19 and HEE10-002 　[10] United States Patent 4,031,498 NON-LINEAR VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Supporting materials

[11] Picture of MOSA for 66KV system used in Japanese electric company in [12] Picture of MOSA for 500kV GIS used in Japanese electric company in [13] Picture of MOSA for 500kV system used in Canadian electric company in

Further Reading

A Birth of Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) and Early Days of Its Promotion Activities - First Hand History authored by Misao Kobayashi

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