Innovacera have more than 7 years experience in producing porous ceramic part for vacuum chuck, filters, air bearings for semiconductor and pharmaceutical industry.
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The range of Innovacera porous ceramic filters is made from aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. The strong, uniform porous ceramic has 40-50% open porosity with a tortuous pore structure and is available in pore sizes ranging from 1 to 100 microns. Monolithic, single grade, aluminum oxide porous ceramic is available in 6, 15, 30, 50, 60, and 100 microns pore sizes.
The porous ceramic disc processing is not the same as other ceramics, such as alumina ceramic, zirconia ceramics because of its properties of pores, so when you process the porous ceramics disc, here are 4 points you need to pay attention to:
- Put the porous ceramic plate into the water for five minutes.
- Ensure the porous plate be full of water to avoid oil contamination permeate into pores.
- Cut the plate with the blade only, and then grind it with a grinding wheel or grinding head.
- Do not use oil coolant for the machine, or it will be tough to clean.
- Clean the plate with neutral detergent by ultrasonic.
- Dry by airing or electric fan, and then baking under 100℃ for dead dry.
If you have any problems or inquiries about porous ceramics, welcome to contact us.
Q. What if my membrane is slightly discolored?
A. Although the silver metal membrane is 99.97% pure silver, the formation of extraneous compounds is possible over time. For example, silver can become tarnished, especially when the environment contains certain emissions as described below. To minimize contamination of the membrane, leave it in sealed packs. Silver compounds may form on the surface which are primarily cosmetic imperfections and do not affect the pore structure or membrane filtration performance. Examples of colored compounds that can form on the surface of the silver metal membrane are:
• Ag2S (black)
• Agl (yellow)
• Ag3PO4 (yellow)
• Ag2CrO4 (dark red)
• AgCl (dark brown)
• Ag2O (dark brown)
• AgBr (light yellow)
The most common compounds that form on the silver metal membrane are Ag2S and AgCl. AgCl is a photosensitive salt that can be removed by flushing the membrane with an ammonia solution. Typically, just a brief soak or dip in the ammonia solution will dissolve AgCl. Ag2S is a very stable compound and is very difficult to remove from the membrane without altering the structure. A flush with methyl or ethyl alcohol can be used to remove some of the other compounds.
These compounds should not be confused with the natural grayish white appearance of the silver metal membrane surface. This appearance is due to the microporous structure of the media which reflects light in a manner different than polished silver. The slight difference in color between the two sides of the membrane is due to the manufacturing process and is most noticeable on 3 and 5 micron pores sizes.
Q. What is a Polycarbonate or Polyester Track Etch filter membrane?
A. These types of filter membranes are precise, two-dimensional micro porous screens with straight through, cylindrical pores.
As in the case of other screen-type filters, particle capture takes place only on the surface, therefore there is more accurate separation cut-off. The precision cylindrical pores of Track Etch membranes have the most accurate size cut-off of any membrane. In depth filters, particles get caught throughout the torturous paths within the matrix as well as on the surface of the membrane.
Track Etch filters are also very thin (between 6 - 15 microns thick) but very durable (can withstand over 3,000 psi when properly supported). They range in color from opaque to almost transparent and black.
Q. Will Sterlitech Track Etch filter membranes keep liquid behind the filter and let gases pass through?
A. PVP-Free Polycarbonate membranes have a water contact angle of approximately 90° and will not spontaneously wet out with liquids that have a surface tension equivalent to or greater than water (1 dyne). Due to the low water contact angle, polycarbonate membranes do not make effective vent filters. Low differential pressures will allow liquid water to break through the pores. We recommend membranes with a higher water entry pressure such as Hydrophobic PTFE, Hydrophobic Polyethylene, and Oleophobic Polyester for venting applications. Effective vent filters will allow permeation of gasses, while blocking liquid from entering the pores. Water vapor and other gases will pass through a hydrophobic vent membrane.
Q. How is the performance of a filter measured?
A. Design and material selection determines the performance of a filter. Three important measures of filter performance are flow rate, throughput and bubblepoint, defined as follows:
Flow Rate: Determines the volume of liquid or air that will flow through the filter at a fixed pressure and temperature. This is usually displayed as ml/minute/cm^2.
Throughput: Describes the dirt handling capacity of a filter. Namely, how long the liquid will continue to flow through the membrane before the membrane clogs. The lower the flow rate and throughput, the longer it takes the researcher to complete the analysis.
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Bubble point: A test to determine the integrity and pore size of a filter. The differential pressure at which a steady stream of gas bubbles is emitted from a wetted filter under specific test conditions. The bubble point test measures the largest pore. Bubble point is generally determined using water or an alcohol (methanol or isopropynol) and is displayed as PSI.
Q. What variables affect the performance of a filter?
A. Viscosity: The viscosity of a liquid determines its resistance to flow; the higher the viscosity, the lower the flow rate and the higher the differential pressure required to achieve a given flow rate.
Porosity: The flow rate of a membrane is directly proportional to the porosity of a membrane, eg. the more pores, the higher the flow rate.
Filter Area: The larger the filter area, the faster the flow rate at a given pressure differential and the larger the expected filter throughput volume prior to "clogging for a given solution."
Q. What are the differences between the crossflow test cells and the Sterlitech HP stirred cell?
A. The Sepa CF, CF042, and CF016 test cells operate in true crossflow mode and have both concentrate and permeate streams. Depending on system design and the fluid being processed, they are operated with user selected pressure and flow parameters and allow for continuous testing and sampling.The HP stirred cell is an enclosed batch system with a maximum feed volume of 300mL that is typically pressured with compressed gas. Stirred cells are operated in normal flow mode and do not have a concentrate stream. Stir bar action is used to simulate cross flow near the membrane surface.
It is not uncommon for the foulant spacer to leave an imprint on the membrane and, in most cases, is not a cause for concern.
However, it is important to verify that the foulant spacer (or the foulant spacer and shim combination) is not thicker than the feed channel. If too thick of a foulant spacer is used, then it may cause damage to the membrane.
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that is related to the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces experienced by a fluid for given flow conditions. The Reynolds number can be used to predict whether flow conditions result in a laminar or turbulent flow.
In theory, the cross section area of the test cell feed channel can be used to calculate the Reynolds number for the feed flow. In practice, it is very difficult to calculate the Reynolds number because of the complex geometry of the foulant spacer occupying the feed channel. There are empirical methods to estimate the Reynolds number by characterizing the relationship between feed flow and differential pressure.
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The user must completely release the pressure before opening a stirred cell. The HP and HPX stirred cells do not have integrated pressure relief valves, but Sterlitech does offer an accessory bleed valve for purchase which can be attached to the regulator's outlet to the high pressure hose upstream of the stirred cell. https://www.sterlitech.com/pressure-relief-bleed-valve--psig-.html . The bleed valve can be slowly opened to release pressure when necessary for sample removal or refilling.
The polymeric stirred cells have integrated pressure relief valves. These valves can simply be opened to release the pressure when necessary.
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